This study aimed to describe pediatric TBI patients presenting to one regional referral hospital in Uganda and identify factors contributing to unfavorable outcomes.

The high unmet neurosurgical burden in low- and middle-income countries has necessitated multiple global neurosurgical collaborations. We identified and evaluated these collaborations and their peer-reviewed journal publications using a modified version of the Framework for Assessment of InteRNational Surgical Success (FAIRNeSS).

We evaluate the evolution and growth of global neurosurgery publications over time, focusing on authors' contributions and impact in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Africa contributes significantly to the global neurosurgical disease burden but has only 1% of the neurosurgery workforce. This study appraises Africa's neurosurgical workforce and training capacity and projects the workforce capacity by 2030.

To generate machine learning (ML) models with a strong predictive capacity for trichotomized discharge disposition, an outcome not previously used in TBI prognostic models. The outcome can be a proxy for patients' functional status, even in mild and moderate patients with TBI.

To develop ML models to predict in-hospital mortality for both the high-income country (HIC) and the low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings.

With the ultimate goal of enhancing TBI triage in LMICs, we aim to develop the first deep-learning model to predict outcomes after TBI and compare its performance with that of less complex algorithms.

We aim to externally validate CRASH and IMPACT on our TBI registry and compare their performances to that of the locally derived model (from the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center [KCMC]).

In this chapter, we explore the history, current work, and future directions for nonprofit and academic institutions in global neurosurgery. While we have tried to be holistic, we have undoubtedly left out efforts that deserve to be mentioned. Thus, this chapter is not meant to capture every example of the amazing work done worldwide; rather, the examples are pulled by the authors to illustrate the key points.